You can have too much of a good thing when it comes to exercising
REUTERS/Lucy Nicholson
While exercise is important for a long and healthy life, ultramarathons may accelerate the ageing of cells in our blood. Athletes who ran 170 kilometres over mountainous terrain accumulated more age-related damage to their red blood cells than those who completed a shorter distance.
Long-distance running has been linked to health issues before, such as temporary suppression of the immune system and anaemia. But we only now have an understanding of what it does to red blood cells – which transport oxygen around the body – particularly when done outside on mountainous terrain.
Angelo D’Alessandro at the University of Colorado Anschutz and and his colleagues analysed blood samples from 11 adults aged 36, on average, within a few hours before and after they ran a trail 40-kilometre race. They did the same for a separate group of 12 people of around the same age who competed in a 170-kilometre ultramarathon over similar terrain.
The researchers found that competing in either race seemed to cause the runners’ red blood cells to accumulate more damage from molecules known as reactive oxygen species, which are produced at higher levels when these cells need to deliver more oxygen around the body.
But such damage, which naturally accumulates as red blood cells age, was substantially higher in the ultramarathon runners. “Anecdotally, the blood after an ultramarathon looks like the blood of somebody who’s just been hit by a car,” says D’Alessandro. “The red blood cells accumulate damage and become more aged.”
Running the ultramarathon, but not the shorter race, also seemed to cause their red blood cells to shift more rapidly from a disc shape to a more spherical one, which is typically seen when they age. The disc shape allows them to bend and squeeze through tiny blood vessels in the spleen, where old red blood cells are destroyed. “This spherical shape means they get stuck in the spleen and eaten up by immune cells,” says team member Travis Nemkov, also at University of Colorado Anschutz.
This damage is probably due to exercise increasing inflammation and particularly strenuous activity pushing red blood cells more forcefully around the body, he says.
What’s more, only the ultramarathon runners experienced a roughly 10 per cent drop in their red blood cell numbers after the race, but this isn’t necessarily a problem for their health. This change is too small to cause anaemia and the body can probably rapidly recover from it, says Nemkov.
The researchers are now studying the red blood cells of ultramarathon runners a day after they have completed a race, in order to better understand how long these effects last. They also want future work to examine whether these changes affect runners’ performance. “This could just be what the damage signals look like to make the body more resilient to endurance running, or it could have a negative impact,” says Nemkov.
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